Further, in order to progressively increase LM muscle thickness, upper extremity tasks should be performed prior to lower extremity tasks and combined upper and lower lifting tasks.We aimed to analyze the effects of long high-intensity interval training (HIIT) associated with pyridoxin supplementation on tissue and oxidative injury markers in animals. ABT-888 in vivo Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups (n = 8) sedentary (GS), HIIT (GH), and HIIT + pyridoxine (GHP). The HIIT comprised 18 sessions of 7 repetitions of 2min × 2min rest, 3 times per week. Pyridoxine was administered to the GHP group 1h before the exercise. The Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and sulfhydryl group (SH) were analyzed as markers of oxidative stress and CK, LDH, ALT and AST as tissue lesions. There was an increase in the correlation between CK and LDH of 172.86% and 268.83% in the GH group compared with the GS group, respectively. There was a reduction in CK (34.37%) and LDH (34.74%) compared with the GH group, which had an increase of 229.03% in ALT. Pyridoxine supplementation reduced ALT by 80.62% in the GHP group compared with no-supplementation GH group. In addition, there was a reduction in plasma MDA (52.92%), liver (20.30%) and cardiac (22.06%) tissues in GHP compared to GH. It was possible to conclude that administration of pyridoxine attenuated oxidative stress, and tissue injuries induced by HIIT.The purpose was to investigate eccentric (ECC) exercise with full range of motion (FROM) induce a greater magnitude of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), pain, functional limitations compared to partial range of motion (PROM; outer 60° of ROM). Thirty-four participants (men and women) aged between 18 and 30 years performed ECC exercise protocol on elbow and knee muscles (5 × 10 repetitions each session) using their 15%/25%/35% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) with PROM (week 2-4) and FROM (week 6-8). Two days a week, ECC exercises and remaining days the subjective and objective assessments were carried out (activities of daily living (ADL), pain (visual analogue scale (VAS), pain pressure threshold (PPT)), and MVIC. The ECC exercise with FROM showed moderate pain (0-3.5) in ADL (pulling a heavy object and descending stairs), VAS, and PPT for elbow extensors and knee flexors and showed a statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) compared to PROM ECC protocol. The muscle strength was increased in FROM ECC exercise than PROM ECC exercise and ranged between 23.16% and 28.22%. ECC exercise performed with FROM induced a higher degree of DOMS, pain, ADL limitations than PROM. The study outcomes can be used for beginner sedentary older adults as well as young athletes.Despite the continued growth of the Olympic Games (OG), the Youth Olympic Games (YOG) has received minimal attention from mainstream media since its introduction in 2010. The purpose of this study was to examine and compare event awareness and consumption intention for the 2012 Winter YOG to two international sport events occurring in the same year. A survey instrument was utilized to examine and compare event awareness, consumption intention, and logo identification for three international sport events within a millennial generation sample. The study showed significant differences in personal and public awareness between the three sport events, with personal (r = .313, p ≤ .001) and public (r = .331, p ≤ .001) awareness for the YOG demonstrating a positive correlation with consumption intention. This study is an important assessment of the YOG event awareness that can be utilized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to better understand and engage their participants and audience. Successful promotion of the YOG may require a transformation of the current marketing strategies that are utilized. The YOG has great opportunity for success in the global sport market to leave behind the status of the best kept secret in sport.Surfing offers unique challenges to thermoregulation and hydration. The purpose of this study was to quantify fluid loss in recreational surfers, and to analyze the effects of water temperature, air temperature, exercise intensity, duration, and garment thickness on the total amount of fluid lost during a surf session. A total of 254 male and 52 female recreational surfers were recruited from San Diego, Costa Rica, and Australia to participate in the study. Participants’ hydration status was assessed by comparing nude body mass pre- and post-surf session. Heart rate (HR), used as an index of exercise intensity, was measured throughout the session. Environmental conditions and surf characteristics were recorded. The difference between average pre-mass (73.11 ± 11.88 kg) and average post-mass (72.51 ± 11.78) was statistically significant (0.60 ± 0.55, p less then 0.001). Surfers experienced a 0.82 ± 0.73% reduction in body mass. In multivariable linear regression, session duration and body mass index (BMI) were significantly associated with fluid loss. For every 10-minute increase in session duration, there was a 0.06 kg (SE = 0.001; p less then 0.001) increase in fluid loss, and for every two unit increase in BMI, fluid loss increased by 0.05 kg (SE = 0.03; p = 0.02). Results suggest that prolonged surfing at high environmental temperatures in participants with high BMI’s resulted in significant body water deficits. Since there is no opportunity to rehydrate during a surf session, surfers must properly pre-hydrate before surfing in order to avoid the detrimental effects of dehydration.Compromised bone density in jockeys has previously been identified as an important health and safety concern in horseracing. Despite this, no update on the bone density status in Irish jockeys has been provided in the past decade. The study aimed to conduct a comprehensive update of the current bone density status in professional Irish jockeys and identify possible contributory physical and lifestyle factors. Eighty-five professional male jockeys (flat n = 39; national hunt (NH) n = 46) completed a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan for the assessment of body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN) and hip, 24-hour food recall, bone-specific physical activity questionnaire (BPAQ) and lifestyle questionnaire on weight making practices and injury history. Z-scores were interpreted to assess current bone density status. Correlation analysis was used to identify physical and lifestyle factors associated with bone mineral apparent density (BMAD). Results revealed a high prevalence of low BMD (Z-score less then – 1.