Rates of family homelessness continue to reach unprecedented levels. As many as two million young children experience family homelessness each year, with an estimated one in 10 younger than one year old. Yet, despite their high prevalence, a dearth of studies have specifically investigated infants’ and toddlers’ experiences of homelessness. Overall, the available literature suggests homeless infants and toddlers experience increased risk to physical health, development, and well-being at an individual- and family-level. This presents a severely limited understanding of homeless infants’ and toddlers’ experiences, with substantial gaps remaining. This review documents the scant existing literature on infant and toddler development within the context of homelessness at both the individual and family-system levels, and proposes next steps for research, practice, and policy.

With growing evidence of its efficacy for patients with large-vessel occlusion (LVO) ischemic stroke, the use of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) has increased. The “weekend effect,” whereby patients presenting during weekends/off hours have worse clinical outcomes than those presenting during normal working hours, is a critical area of study in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Our objective was to evaluate whether a “weekend effect” exists in patients undergoing EVT.

This retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of the 2016-2018 Nationwide Inpatient Sample data included patients ≥18 years with documented diagnosis of ischemic stroke (ICD-10 codes I63, I64, and H34.1), procedural code for EVT, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score; the exposure variable was weekend vs. weekday treatment. The primary outcome was in-hospital death; secondary outcomes were favorable discharge, extended hospital stay (LOS), and cost. Logistic regression models were constructed to determine predictors for outcomes.

We identified 6052 AIS patients who received EVT (mean age 68.7±14.8 years; 50.8% female; 70.8% White; median (IQR) admission NIHSS 16 (10-21). The primary outcome of in-hospital death occurred in 560 (11.1%); the secondary outcome of favorable discharge occurred in 1039 (20.6%). The mean LOS was 7.8±8.6 days. There were no significant differences in the outcomes or cost based on admission timing. In the mixed-effects models, we found no effect of weekend vs. weekday admission on in-hospital death, favorable discharge, or extended LOS.

These results demonstrate that the “weekend effect” does not impact outcomes or cost for patients who undergo EVT for LVO.

These results demonstrate that the “weekend effect” does not impact outcomes or cost for patients who undergo EVT for LVO.

The relationship between maximum and comfortable gait speed in individuals with mild to moderate disability in the chronic phase of stroke is unknown.

This study examines the relationship between comfortable and maximum gait speed in individuals with chronic stroke and whether the relationship differ from that seen in a community-dwelling elderly population. Further, we investigate the influence of age, gender, time post-stroke and degree of disability on gait speed.

Gait speed was measured using the 10-meter walk test (10MWT) and the 30-meter walk test (30MWT) in 104 older individuals with chronic stroke and 154 community-dwelling controls, respectively.

We found that the maximum gait speed in individuals with stroke could be estimated by multiplying the comfortable speed by 1.41. This relationship differed significantly from that of the control group, for which the corresponding factor was 1.20. 3-MA inhibitor In the stroke group, age, gender and time post-stroke did not affect the relationship, whereas the degree of disability was negatively correlated with maximum speed – but not when included in the multiple analysis. In the community-dwelling population, higher age and female gender had a negative relationship with maximum gait speed. When correcting for those parameters, the coefficient was 1.07.

The maximum gait speed in the chronic phase of stroke can be estimated by multiplying the individual’s comfortable gait speed by 1.41. This estimation is not impacted by age, gender, degree of disability and time since stroke. A similar but weaker relationship can be seen in the community-dwelling controls.

The maximum gait speed in the chronic phase of stroke can be estimated by multiplying the individual’s comfortable gait speed by 1.41. This estimation is not impacted by age, gender, degree of disability and time since stroke. A similar but weaker relationship can be seen in the community-dwelling controls.During the vertebrate stage of the Plasmodium life cycle, obligate intracellular malaria parasites establish a vacuolar niche for replication, first within host hepatocytes at the pre-patent liver-stage and subsequently in erythrocytes during the pathogenic blood-stage. Survival in this protective microenvironment requires diverse transport mechanisms that enable the parasite to transcend the vacuolar barrier. Effector proteins exported out of the vacuole modify the erythrocyte membrane, increasing access to serum nutrients which then cross the vacuole membrane through a nutrient-permeable channel, supporting rapid parasite growth. link2 This review highlights the most recent insights into the organization of the parasite vacuole to facilitate the solute, lipid and effector protein trafficking that establishes a nutrition pipeline in the terminally differentiated, organelle-free red blood cell.

A variety of treatments aim to reduce thoracic hyperkyphosis in adults, thereby improving posture and reducing possible complications.

To investigate the effectiveness of treatments to reduce thoracic hyperkyphosis.

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and CENTRAL were searched from inception to March 2021. Two authors independently selected randomised controlled trials assessing the effectiveness of treatments to reduce thoracic hyperkyphosis in adults. Raw data on mean change in thoracic kyphosis were extracted and standardised mean differences (SMD) calculated. Meta-analysis was performed on studies homogenous for study population and intervention. Strength of evidence was assessed using GRADE.

Twenty-eight studies were included, with five meta-analyses performed. Low to moderate-quality evidence found structured exercise programs of three-months duration or less effective in reducing thoracic hyperkyphosis in younger (SMD -2.8; 95%CI -4.3 to -1.3) and older populations (SMD -0.3; 95%CI -0.6 to 0.0). Low-quality evidence found bracing for three months or more effective in older participants (SMD -1.0, 95%CI -1.3 to -0.7). A single study demonstrated the effectiveness of multimodal care in younger participants. The available evidence suggests multimodal care, structured exercise programs over three months duration, and taping in older adults, and biofeedback and muscle stimulation in younger adults, are ineffective in reducing thoracic hyperkyphosis.

Low to moderate-quality evidence indicates that structured exercise programs are effective to reduce thoracic hyperkyphosis. Low-quality evidence indicates that bracing is effective to reduce thoracic hyperkphosis in older adults.

Low to moderate-quality evidence indicates that structured exercise programs are effective to reduce thoracic hyperkyphosis. Low-quality evidence indicates that bracing is effective to reduce thoracic hyperkphosis in older adults.

Exercise therapy is known to be an effective intervention for patients with osteoarthritis, however the evidence is limited as to whether adding manual therapy or booster sessions are cost-effective strategies to extend the duration of benefits.

To investigate the cost-effectiveness, at 2-year follow-up, of adding manual therapy and/or booster sessions to exercise therapy.

2-by-2 factorial randomized controlled trial.

Participants with knee osteoarthritis were randomly allocated (1111) to exercise therapy delivered in consecutive sessions within 9 weeks (control group), exercise therapy distributed over 1 year using booster sessions, exercise therapy plus manual therapy delivered within 9 weeks, and exercise therapy plus manual therapy with booster sessions. The primary outcome was incremental cost-effectiveness from health system and societal perspectives interpreted as incremental net monetary benefit (INMB).

Of 75 participants, 66 (88%) were retained at 1-year and 40 (53%) at 2-year follow-up. All three interventions were cost-effective from both the health system and societal perspectives (INMBs, at 0.5×GDP/capita willingness to pay (WTP) threshold $3278 (95%CI -3244 to 9800) and $3904 (95%CI -2823 to 10,632) respectively for booster sessions; $2941 (95%CI -3686 to 9568) and $2618 (95%CI -4005 to 9241) for manual therapy; $270 (95%CI -6139 to 6679) and $404 (95%CI -6097 to 6905) for manual therapy with booster sessions).

Manual therapy or booster sessions in addition to exercise therapy are cost-effective at 2-year follow-up. The evidence did not support combining both booster sessions and manual therapy in addition to exercise therapy.

Manual therapy or booster sessions in addition to exercise therapy are cost-effective at 2-year follow-up. The evidence did not support combining both booster sessions and manual therapy in addition to exercise therapy.We examine the role of Venezuelan forced migration on the propagation of 15 infectious diseases in Colombia. link3 For this purpose, we use rich municipal-monthly panel data. We exploit the fact that municipalities closer to the main migration entry points have a disproportionate exposure to infected migrants when the cumulative migration flows increase. We find that higher refugee inflows are associated with increments in the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases, such as chickenpox and tuberculosis, as well as sexually transmitted diseases, namely syphilis. However, we find no significant effects of migration on the propagation of vector-borne diseases. Contact with infected migrants upon arrival seems to be the main driving mechanism.Islamophobia has increased in the last years, in part, due to terrorist attacks perpetrated by jihadist groups. This phenomenon might be a source of stress, being particularly problematic for pregnant (Muslim) women. We examine how stress generated by the 2017 Catalonia (Spain) attacks affected the health of newborns whose mothers are from a Muslim country (as the perpetrators). We use a difference-in-differences-in-differences model comparing newborns whose mothers come from a Muslim country and are residing in a municipality directly affected by the attacks, to other newborns, before-after the attacks. Results show that the share of low-birth-weight babies and deliveries with complications raise significantly by 23.77%, and 13.02%. We document a significant increase in Islamophobia and in emotional distress in our group of interest. We conclude that Islamophobia-related stress is possibly one of the channels affecting health at birth.

Equipments generally used for entertainment, such as Microsoft Kinect, have been widely used for postural control as well. Such systems-compared to professional motion tracking systems-allow to obtain non-invasive and low-cost tracking. This makes them particularly suitable for the implementation of home rehabilitation systems. Microsoft has recently released a new version of Kinect, namely Azure Kinect DK, that is meant for developers, not consumers, and it has been specifically designed to implement professional applications. The hardware of this new version of the Kinect has been substantially improved as compared with previous versions. However, the accuracy of the Azure Kinect DK has not been evaluated yet in the context of the assessment of postural control as done for its predecessors.

We present a study to compare the motion traces of the Azure Kinect DK with those of a Vicon 3D system, typically considered the gold standard for high-accuracy motion tracking. The study involved 26 subjects performing specific functional reach and functional balance exercises.