Future studies of approaches that can well handle the inherent uncertainty and nonlinearity of the complex removal process are crucial to the development and promotion of related technologies.Although the identification of effective reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by plasma has been extensively studied, yet the subcellular mechanism of microbial inactivation has never been clearly elucidated in plasma disinfection processes. In this study, subcellular mechanism of yeast cell inactivation during plasma-liquid interaction was revealed in terms of comprehensive factors including cell morphology, membrane permeability, lipid peroxidation, membrane potential, intracellular redox homeostasis (intracellular ROS and H2O2, and antioxidant system (SOD, CAT and GSH)), intracellular ionic equilibrium (intracellular H+ and K+) and energy metabolism (mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular Ca2+ and ATP level). The ROS analysis show that ·OH, 1O2, ·O2-and H2O2 were generated in this plasma-liquid interaction system and ·O2-served as the precursor of 1O2. Additionally, the solution pH was reduced. Plasma can effectively inactivate yeast cells mainly via apoptosis by damaging cell membrane, intrace the antimicrobial mechanism of plasma, which can promote the development of plasma as an alternative water disinfection strategy.Post-operative radiation therapy (RT) reduces loco-regional recurrence rates and mortality in most patients with non-metastatic breast cancer. The aim of this critical review is to provide an overview of the applicability of moderately hypofractionated RT for breast cancer patients, focusing on factors influencing clinical decision-making. An international group of radiation oncologists agreed to assess, integrate, and interpret the existing evidence into a practical report to guide clinicians in their daily management of breast cancer patients. We conclude that moderately hypofractionated RT to the breast, chest wall (with/without breast reconstruction), and regional lymph nodes is at least as safe and effective as conventionally fractionated regimens and could be considered as the treatment option for the vast majority of the patients.For those who are still concerned about its generalised application, we recommend participating in ongoing trials comparing moderately hypofractionated RT to conventionally fractionated RT for breast cancer patients in some clinical circumstances.In a 6-month-old, intact female, Japanese spitz presenting with severe dyspnea, lung ultrasonography revealed confluent B lines associated with severe echocardiographic left sided volume overload and systolic dysfunction. A congenital shunt or valvular dysplasia was not demonstrable. On electrocardiogram, there was a constant sinus rhythm, respectively sinus tachycardia. Cardiac troponin I was normal. Within 2 days of admission, the dog died of heart failure. On macroscopic postmortem examination, the left ventricle and atrium were markedly dilated, and the left ventricular endocardium had a mild diffuse whitish appearance. Histopathology revealed moderate to severe thickening of the left ventricular endocardium, composed mostly of abundant elastic fibers and fewer collagen fibers, diagnostic for endocardial fibroelastosis. In addition, there were mild degenerative changes of the atrioventricular valves. Endocardial fibroelastosis is a rare congenital disease and should be considered in a young dog if more common causes of echocardiographic dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype are ruled out.Aegilops tauschii Coss, a notorious wheat field weed, poses a serious threat to wheat in China. Tillers are an important agronomic tool for yield. In this study, a total of 12 Ae. tauschii populations were collected from China to investigate the effect of plant density on tiller occurrence and its phytohormonal regulation. We assayed the growth parameters of Ae. tauschii and the levels of endogenous hormones at different plant densities. The results showed that plant density had a significant effect on the quantity and quality of Ae. tauschii seeds produced per plant. In particular, the tiller and spike numbers per plant were negatively affected by plant density (P less then 0.0001). The contents of 13 endogenous hormones in the tiller nodes changed in response to plant density. Among them, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellin (GA) positively responded to plant density. However, the reverse result was found for cytokinin (CTK). Interestingly, phylogenetic tree analysis of auxin (AeYUCCA), CK (AeIPT) and GA (AeCPS) biosynthesis related genes found that phylogenies in the Gramineae for the three different genes were various, hinting at horizontal gene transfer. Moreover, the dynamics of the expression of AeYUCCA, AeIPT and AeCPS were roughly consistent with their phytohormone contents during tillering stage. When externally sprayed on plants of Ae. tauschii, 2,4-D isooctyl ester and GA3 markedly reduced its tillering while 6-BA had no significant effect.Nitrogen is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development and plays an important role in the whole life process of plants. Nitrogen is an important component of amino acids, chlorophyll, plant hormones and secondary metabolites. Nitrogen deficiency leads to early senescence in plants, which is accompanied by changes in gene expression, metabolism, growth, development, and physiological and biochemical traits, which ensures efficient nitrogen recycling and enhances the plant’s tolerance to low nitrogen. Therefore, it is very important to understand the adaptation mechanisms of plants under nitrogen deficiency for the efficient utilization of nitrogen and gene regulation. With the popularization of molecular biology, bioinformatics and transgenic technology, the metabolic pathways of nitrogen-deficient plants have been verified, and important progress has been made. However, how the responses of plants to nitrogen deficiency affect the biological processes of the plants is not well understood. The current research also cannot completely explain how the metabolic pathways identified show other reactions or phenotypes through interactions or cascades after nitrogen inhibition. Nitrate is the main form of nitrogen absorption. selleck In this review, we discuss the role of nitrate in plant senescence. Understanding how nitrate inhibition affects nitrate absorption, transport, and assimilation; chlorophyll synthesis; photosynthesis; anthocyanin synthesis; and plant hormone synthesis is key to sustainable agriculture.