This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) participates in cognitive processes including working memory (WM), sensory evidence accumulation, and perceptually-guided decision making. However, surprisingly little work has used temporally precise manipulations to dissect its role in different epochs of behaviour taking place over short timespans, such as WM tasks. As a result, a consistent view of the temporally precise role of the PPC in these processes has not been described. In the present study, we investigated the temporally specific role of the PPC in the Trial-Unique, Non-matching-to-Location (TUNL) task, a touchscreen-based, visuospatial WM task that relies on the PPC. To disrupt PPC activity in a temporally precise manner, we applied mild intracranial electrical stimulation (ICES). We found that intra-PPC ICES (100 μA) significantly impaired accuracy in TUNL without significantly altering response latency. Moreover, we found that the impairment was specific to ICES applied during the delay and test phases of TUNL. Consistent with previous reports showing delay and choice-specific neuronal activity in the PPC, the results provide evidence that the rat PPC is required for maintaining memory representations of stimuli over a delay period as well as for making successful comparisons and choices between test stimuli. In contrast, the PPC appears not to be critical for initial encoding of sample stimuli. This pattern of results may indicate that early encoding of visual stimuli is independent of the PPC or that the PPC becomes engaged only when visual stimuli are spatially complex or involve memory or decision making. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Rodents generate negative consequences for smallholder farmers in Africa that directly impact household and livestock damage, food security and public health. Ecologically Based Rodent Management (EBRM) seeks sustainable solutions for the mitigation of rodent damage through assessments of rodent population dynamics, agro-ecosystems and socio-cultural contexts. We adopt a comparative approach across three rural Afro-Malagasy smallholder farming regions in South Africa, Tanzania and Madagascar to assess the household impacts of rodent pests and current perceptions and preferences associated with several rodent control measures. We conducted focus groups questionnaires and interviews in different study site locations. Rodents assert multiple impacts on Afro-Malagasy farmers demonstrating recurrent and emerging agricultural and household costs, and public health impacts. We identify a significant knowledge gap in educating communities about the application of different EBRM approaches in favour of acute poisons that are perceived to be more effective. Cultural issues and taboos also have a significant impact on the social acceptance of rodent hunting as well as biological control using indigenous predators. We advocate for an enhanced investigation of the socio-cultural beliefs associated with different rodent practices to understand the factors underlying social acceptance. A collaborative approach that integrates the perspectives of target communities to inform the design of EBRM initiatives according to the specific agro-ecosystem and socio-cultural context is necessary to ensure programmatic success. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.This video shows an open recurrent perineal hernia repair with mesh through a perineal approach. The patient is a 57-year-old female known to have a retro-rectal neuroendocrine tumour resected in 2015 using a perineal approach with coccygectomy. In 2017 she was treated for a local recurrence, by a conventional abdominoperineal excision (cAPE) and primary closure. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.INTRODUCTION Little is known about staff attitudes towards Coercive interventions (CI) and emotions accompanying these measures. AIM The current study assessed attitudes, views on reflective interventions, and accompanying emotions of different occupational groups towards CI, as well as factors, which increase the probability of CI. METHOD Staff members (N=138) of a large psychiatric hospital in Germany were assessed using the Staff Attitude to Coercion Scale and newly developed items assessing staff members’ emotions and views on coercion. RESULTS Experienced staff members were most critical of coercion. Nurses rated coercion significantly more positively than other staff. A majority experienced compassion; about half felt helplessness, grief, or anxiety. Almost 20% felt a sense of power. Nurses felt more desperation than others. Participants strongly desired reflective measures such as post-seclusion/-restraint debriefings with patients. According to staff members, stress on the wards and low staffing increase the probability of CI. DISCUSSION The study is the first known to the authors that assessed accompanying emotions during the application of CI. Attitudes towards coercion and associated emotions are influenced by individual staff characteristics (e.g. profession, work experience). IMPLICATIONS The presence of experienced staff members may help prevent CI. Staff consider reflective interventions helpful in reducing CI. This article is protected by copyright. Selleckchem ZLN005 All rights reserved.OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine the association between hyperglycemia and the malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia (OLK). PATIENTS AND METHODS This retrospective case-control study involved 133 patients with the malignant transformation of OLK into oral squamous cell carcinoma (case group) and 266 patients with untransformed OLK (control group). The clinical history and follow-up data included age, gender, lesion size and location, and fasting plasma glucose. Logistic regression analysis, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to assess the effects of risk factors on the malignant transformation of OLK. RESULTS Hyperglycemia ((adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 4.7, P = 0.001), non-homogenous OLK (AHR = 3.0, P less then 0.001), location of the lesion on the ventral surface of the tongue or floor of the mouth (AHR = 3.6, P less then 0.001), and epithelial dysplasia (AHR = 2.8, P = 0.005) had significant effects on the malignant transformation of OLK.