Because the conservation of biodiversity is a social and political process, conservation policies are more effective if they can create shifts in attitudes and/or behaviours. As such, communication and advocacy approaches that influence attitudes and behaviours are key to addressing conservation problems. It is well established that the way an issue is ‘framed’ can influence how people view, judge, and respond to an issue. Furthermore, responses to conservation interventions can be influenced by subtle wording changes in statements that may appeal to different values, activate social norms, influence a person’s affect or mood, or trigger certain biases, each of which can differently influence the resulting engagement, attitudes and behaviour. We contend that by strategically considering how conservation communications are framed, they can be made more effective with little or no additional cost. In this article, we provide an overview of key framing considerations as five ‘lessons’ to help communicators think strategically about how to frame their messages for greater effect. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.The extinction of a previously conditioned response can be modulated through cognitive processes, including feature-based information, and explicit instruction. Here we introduce a Selective Extinction through Cognitive Evaluation (SECE) task in which information is cognitively evaluated on a trial-by-trial basis to ascertain the extinction contingencies. Participants were conditioned to expect an electric shock during the presentation of one of two letters (CS+/CS-). During the SECE task, the letters were presented within words belonging to two categories, one of which indicated safety (COG-_CS+ trials), while risk of shock was maintained for the other category (COG+_CS+ trials). Skin conductance responses indicated that participants reduced their response to COG-_CS+ trials compared to COG+_CS+ trials. Clusters in bilateral insula and anterior cingulate cortex showed activation for COG+_CS+ trials that was reduced for COG-_CS+ trials. A network of brain regions including left inferior frontal gyrus, and bilateral temporal and parietal cortices showed greater activation for COG-_CS+ versus COG+_CS+ trials. This is consistent with the semantic processing and decision making necessary to evaluate the trial contingencies. click here We compared activation in the SECE task to activation in a cognitive reappraisal task in which participants were asked to attend to, or regulate their emotional reactions to affective IAPS images. This task replicated prefrontal activation seen in previous reappraisal studies. A voxel-wise conjunction analysis found no overlap between the cognitive reappraisal and the SECE task, but we did find evidence for common activation in follow-up ROI analyses, supporting the idea of common lateral prefrontal mechanisms involved in both processes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.AIM Oxygen saturation is frequently monitored with pulse oximetry to assess vital signs in critically ill patients. Optimally, pulse oximetry closely tracks arterial oxygen tension (PaO2 ), which provides guidance in oxygen titration. We investigated whether monitoring peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2 ) could accurately guide oxygen titration in newborn infants. METHODS Twenty seven thousand two hundred thirty seven SpO2 readings were retrospectively paired with arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2 ) and PaO2 results from blood gas analyses performed in infants with arterial catheters in place. RESULTS SpO2 overestimated SaO2 readings by 2.9 ± 5.8%. When pulse oximetry readings were within the defined oxygen saturation target range, 7809 (20.9%) SaO2 values were below and 2830 (7.6%) exceeded the target range. In 57% of patients, PaO2 levels  11 kPa was recorded in 19% of cases, when SpO2 readings were  less then  95%. Infants treated with supplemental oxygen showed a threefold increased risk of hypoxaemia compared to infants breathing room air. Sensitivity and specificity for detecting upper and lower target range limits were fair to good. For SpO2 values below 91%, ISO quality criteria were no longer fulfilled. CONCLUSIONS Based on arterial blood gas analyses as reference, pulse oximetry readings did not fulfil the performance requirements for titrating oxygen in neonatal patients. © 2020 The Authors. Acta Paediatrica published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Foundation Acta Paediatrica.BACKGROUND Patients’ perspectives on standardised, multimodal prehabilitation programmes showed barriers to adherence. Further investigation of patients’ ability to prepare is needed. AIM To investigate what patients with cancer who were due to undergo major abdominal surgery actually were able to do when provided with preoperative, home-based, multimodal recommendations presented in a leaflet. METHODS Patients from the colorectal- or ovarian cancer centre, who were scheduled for major abdominal surgery, received a leaflet with preoperative recommendations. On a daily basis, the patients filled in what they had completed in relation to these recommendations, so that adherence could be investigated. Additionally, face-to-face interviews were conducted to evaluate patients’ experiences of using the leaflet. Malterud’s principles of systematic text condensation were used to analyse the interviews. A convergent design was used to merge the quantitative and qualitative data into a combined interpretation presented in the discussion. RESULTS A total of 53 patients returned a completed leaflet, and five patients were interviewed. In the combined interpretation, patients’ ability to prepare was presented through four major domains. The domains were adherence and the importance of support, manageable actions leading to change, preparation in a broader perspective and impediments to preparation and to symptom relief. CONCLUSIONS Patients prepared themselves in various ways, which were not limited to recommendations inspired by multimodal prehabilitation. Patients from the ovarian cancer centre increased their weekly exercise during the preoperative period, which indicates that the leaflet not only functioned as a data collection tool, but also motivated and supported the patients in prehabilitation-related actions. Patients’ perspectives on prehabilitation need to be taken into account, when aiming to enhance patient-centredness and adherence. © 2020 Nordic College of Caring Science.