Their effectiveness, importance, and application of the vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 virus have been discussed. AZD0156 Research is also being conducted in the field of gene silencing, and one of the best possible ways to combat the virus at the molecular level is by applying RNAi technology. The modified siRNA molecules can be used to silence the gene expression of the virus. A summarization of the virus’s behavior, characteristics, and the methods by which RNAi technology can be administered to control the virus is depicted in this study.NADH-dependent reductase enzyme catalyzes the phenolic aldehyde conversion and correspondingly improves the ethanol fermentability of the ethanologenic Zymomonas mobilis. This study constructed the transcriptional landscape of mono/dioxygenase genes in Z. mobilis ZM4 under the stress of the toxic phenolic aldehyde inhibitors of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, syringaldehyde, and vanillin. One specific dioxygenase encoding gene ZMO1721 was differentially expressed by 3.07-folds under the stress of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde among the eleven mono/dioxygenase genes. The purified ZMO1721 shared 99.9% confidence and 48.0% identity with the oxidoreductase in Rhodoferax ferrireducens T118 was assayed and the NADH-dependent reduction activity was confirmed for phenolic aldehyde vanillin conversion. The ZMO1721 gene was then overexpressed in Z. mobilis ZM4 and the 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde conversion rate was accelerated. The cell growth, glucose consumption, and ethanol productivity of Z. mobilis ZM4 were also improved by ZMO1721 overexpression. The genes identified on improving phenolic aldehyde tolerance and ethanol fermentability in this study could be used as the synthetic biology tools for modification of ethanologenic strains.The cleaning activity of surface-active agents such as rhamnolipids (RLs) requires utmost effectiveness and is employed abundantly in various industries, particularly laundry cleaning, detergents, and cosmetics. In the current study, RLs were produced from Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from oil-contaminated soil using a minimal medium amended with agro-industrial by-products of refinery vegetable oil wastes (comprising of unsaturated types of fatty acids as determined by GC analysis) and dairy whey. The results showed that an amount of 5.72 g/L of RLs were obtained, while lower concentrations were obtained using chemically defined carbon sources. Ten congeners of mono- and di-RLs were detected by LC-MS, and they reduced the surface tension of water to 26 mN/m with a critical micelle concentration of 33 mg/L. Furthermore, the produced RLs showed promising cleaning and detergency properties in the removal of different stains on tested fabrics with a Stain Removal Index (SRI) of 17.45%. Moreover, an efficient cleaning was obtained when RLs were applied to a liquid detergent formulation model, and a cleaning power (∆E) of 245.95 and SRI of 36.28% were achieved. The present work showed that the produced RLs could be exploited as a powerful and alternative eco-friendly cleaning agent in many industries.Ni2+-functionalized porous ceramic/agarose composite beads (Ni-NTA Cerose) can be used as carrier materials to immobilize enzymes harboring a metal affinity tag. Here, a 6×His-tag fusion alcohol dehydrogenase Mu-S5 and glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus megaterium (BmGDH) were co-immobilized on Ni-NTA Cerose to construct a packed bed reactor (PBR) for the continuous synthesis of the chiral intermediate (S)-(4-chlorophenyl)-(pyridin-2-yl) methanol ((S)-CPMA) NADPH recycling, and in situ product adsorption was achieved simultaneously by assembling a D101 macroporous resin column after the PBR. Using an optimum enzyme activity ratio of 21 (Mu-S5 BmGDH) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as co-solvent, a space-time yield of 1560 g/(L·d) could be achieved in the first three days at a flow rate of 5 mL/min and substrate concentration of 10 mM. With simplified selective adsorption and extraction procedures, (S)-CPMA was obtained in 84% isolated yield.Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is one of the principal causes of death in the world despite the existence of a significant number of antibiotics aimed against it. This is mainly due to the drug resistance mechanisms present in the bacterium, which leads to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Additionally, the development of new antibiotics has become limited over the years. Although there are various drug resistance mechanisms present, efflux pumps are of utmost importance because they extrude out several dissimilar antitubercular drugs out of the cell. There are many efflux pump proteins present in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Therefore, blocking these efflux pumps by inhibitors can raise the efficacy of the existing antibiotics and may also pave the path for the discovery and synthesis of new drugs. Plant compounds can act as a resource for the development of efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), which may eventually replace or augment the current therapeutic options. This is mainly because plants have been traditionally used for ages for food or treatment and are considered safe with little or no side effects. Various computational tools are available which are used for the virtual screening of a large number of phytocompounds within a short span of time. This review aims to highlight the mechanism and appearance of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis with emphasis on efflux pumps along with the significance of phytochemicals as inhibitors of these pumps and their screening strategy by computational approaches.Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease. Inflammatory processes are among the mechanisms that are implicated in ALS pathogenesis. The TREM2 rs75932628 T variant may influence the regulatory effect of TREM2 on inflammation. Studies regarding the role of the rs75932628 variant in ALS have yielded inconsistent results, so far. To assess the role of TREM2 rs75932628 on ALS risk. We genotyped 155 patients with sporadic ALS and 155 healthy controls for TREM2 rs75932628. We also merged and meta-analyzed our data with data from previous studies (with a total of 7524 ALS cases and 14,675 controls), regarding TREM2 rs75932628 and ALS. No ALS or healthy subjects carried the TREM2 rs75932628-T variant. Results from meta-analyses (overall approach and sensitivity analyses) yielded no significant results for possible connection between TREM2 rs75932628-T variant and ALS. Based on our results, TREM2 rs75932628 does not seem to play a determining role to the pathophysiology of ALS.