Activity related to working memory load was reduced for the group that went through the intervention (n = 7) compared to the waitlist control group (n = 4). These results suggest that successful cognitive rehabilitation of working memory in TBI may be associated with increased efficiency of brain networks, evidenced by reduced activation of brain activity during cognitive processing. These results highlight the importance of examining brain activity related to cognitive rehabilitation of attention and working memory after brain injury.Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with increased risk of detrimental life outcomes. Recent research also indicates that ADHD is associated with sexual risk behavior, such as unprotected sex. Some risky sexual behaviors may be driven, in part, by preference for immediate rewards, referred to as delay discounting, which is prominent in etiological models of ADHD. Therefore, the present study examined the effect of delay on preference for both monetary and sexual outcomes in adults with many ADHD symptoms (both on and off medication) and with fewer ADHD symptoms. Online participants (N = 275; n = 161 males, n = 114 females) completed a monetary delay discounting task, assessing preference for smaller sooner versus larger delayed hypothetical money, and the Sexual Delay Discounting Task, assessing preference for condom use in hypothetical casual sex scenarios based on delay until condom availability. Those with greater ADHD symptoms discounted delayed monetary outcomes as well as delayed condom-protected sex (i.e., preferred sooner money rewards and immediate unprotected sex) significantly more than those with fewer symptoms; however, no effect of current medication use was found across monetary or sexual delay discounting among those with greater ADHD symptoms. This study is the first to demonstrate the relation between ADHD symptoms and reduced condom-use likelihood. Increased discounting of delayed condom-protected sex might constitute one mechanism of risky sexual behavior among individuals with ADHD symptoms. Interventions geared toward increasing condom use in situations in which condoms may otherwise be unavailable, may mitigate risky sexual behaviors and their associated harms in this population.An HIV diagnosis is often followed by uncertainty, questions over next steps, and concerns over how to share the diagnosis with others. The goal of the current study was to investigate the effects of an intervention designed to help people living with HIV decide whether or not they want to disclose their status to family members (i.e., decision-making process rather than actual disclosure) and the subsequent decision on their well-being and sexual behavior. Additionally, differences in outcomes among men who have sex with men (MSM), heterosexual men (HSM), and women were examined. A total of 346 women and men living in the Southeastern part of the United States. Participated in the study, which consisted of a baseline assessment, followed by randomization into either the disclosure intervention or attention control case management group. Both treatments consisted of seven sessions over a 12-month period. Results from repeated measures ANOVA indicated that although there was no significant intervention effect, participants in both groups reported some improvements in well-being and decreases in risky sexual behavior. However, no consistent differences in outcomes emerged among MSM, HSM, and women. Assisting with the disclosure decision-making process and reducing HIV transmission risk should continue to be an essential focus in future research endeavors and for frontline professionals dedicated to HIV-related care and prevention.Warthin tumor is one of the most common benign salivary gland tumors. Overt lymphoma is known to occur in the lymphoid stroma of Warthin tumor. In situ follicular neoplasia is difficult to identify in routine histologic examination of lymphoid tissue and has not been reported in association with Warthin tumor. Our objective is to determine the prevalence of overt malignant lymphoma and in situ follicular neoplasia in Warthin tumor. We conducted a retrospective histological evaluation of 89 sequential Warthin tumor cases with available slides and blocks from the years 2010-2019. read more Of these, 84 cases were subjected to immunohistochemical testing, while 5 cases had been previously worked up for the suspicion of lymphoma. We identified two additional cases of lymphoid neoplasia associated with Warthin tumor including small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia (n = 1) and in situ follicular neoplasia (n = 1) in addition to previously reported case of follicular lymphoma included in this study. The prevain tumor, combined with the low rate of clinical progression to lymphoma, make routine screening of Warthin tumor for in situ follicular neoplasia unnecessary.The concept that renders morphology a tool for phylogeny reconstruction is homology. The concept of homology is rooted in pre-evolutionary idealistic morphology. The claim that the goal of idealistic morphology was the seriability of form may sound paradoxical given that this discipline proceeded within a framework of strictly delimited types. But the types only demarcate where seriability starts and where it comes to an end. Carl Gegenbaur’s (Grundzüge der vergleichenden Anatomie, Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 1859) was recognized as a milestone in idealistic morphology. A comparison with the second edition of 1870 illustrates Gegenbaur’s turn to evolutionary morphology. The methodology remained the same-seriability of form-but the series was no longer merely descriptive or conceptual but now a historical, evolutionary one. Gegenbaur emphasized that seriability of form was possible not only between species of the same type, but also between parts (organs) of organisms of the same type. Pursuing this project, he found that different parts of organisms evolve at different rates, resulting in an incongruence between the series of parts (organs) relative to the series of species under comparison. This incongrence was called chevauchement des spécialisations by Louis Dollo, Spezialisationskreuzungen by Othenio Abel, and heterobathmy of characters by Armen Takhtajan. Willi Hennig, the founder of modern methods in phylogenetic systematics, discovered that the heterobathmy of characters was a precondition for the establishment of the phylogenetic relationships based on shared derived characters. The result was a replacement of the search for ancestors by a search for relative degrees of phylogenetic relationships (sister-group relationships).