Confusion and misunderstanding exist regarding the lack of cardiovascular and other adverse health effects of p-synephrine and p-octopamine relative to ephedrine and m-synephrine (phenylephrine) which are known for their effects on the cardiovascular system. These four molecules have some structural similarities. However, the structural and stereochemical differences of p-synephrine and p-octopamine as related to ephedrine and m-synephrine result in markedly different adrenergic receptor binding characteristics as well as other mechanistic differences which are reviewed. p-Synephrine and p-octopamine exhibit little binding to α-1, α-2, β-1 and β-2 adrenergic receptors, nor are they known to exhibit indirect actions leading to an increase in available levels of endogenous norepinephrine and epinephrine at commonly used doses. The relative absence of these mechanistic actions provides an explanation for their lack of production of cardiovascular effects at commonly used oral doses as compared to ephedrine and m-synephrine. As a consequence, the effects of ephedrine and m-synephrine cannot be directly extrapolated to p-synephrine and p-octopamine which exhibit significantly different pharmacokinetic, and physiological/pharmacological properties. These conclusions are supported by human, animal and in vitro studies that are discussed. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Based on the potential therapeutic value in targeting mitochondria and the fluorophore tracing ability, a fluorescent mitochondria-targeted organic arsenical PDT-PAO-F16 was fabricated, which not only visualized the cellular distribution, but also exerted anti-cancer activity in vitro and in vivo via targeting pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) and respiratory chain complexes in mitochondria. In details, PDT-PAO-F16 mainly accumulated into mitochondria within hours and suppressed the activity of PDHC resulting in the inhibition of ATP synthesis and thermogenesis disorder. Moreover, the suppression of respiratory chain complex I and IV accelerated the mitochondrial dysfunction leading to caspase family-dependent apoptosis. In vivo, the acute promyelocytic leukemia was greatly alleviated in the PDT-PAO-F16 treated group in APL mice model. Our results demonstrated the organic arsenical precursor with fluorescence imaging and target-anticancer efficacy is a promising anticancer drug. © 2020 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.OBJECTIVES A national survey of the Australian pharmacy workforce was conducted to determine the extent to stress experienced, the extent to which it is work-related, how stress is managed, the barriers to getting help and how well prepared the workforce is for stressful situations. Bismuth subnitrate There were three objectives provision of guidance on possible interventions; provision of a baseline for further studies; and provision of information to the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Authority (AHPRA). METHODS An online survey incorporating the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale was developed, piloted and launched in October 2016. Pharmacy-related organisations alerted their members to the voluntary survey. Popular pharmacy social media was used. Responses were analysed using SPSS and Excel. The a priori for significance was P  less then  0.05. KEY FINDINGS In relation to the nature and extent of stress in the workforce and work-life balance, information provided by 1246 respondents out of a workforce of 29 819 revealed high levels of stress (PSS-10 score 20.1 ± 7.3), with those under 30 years of age and/or with 10 years or less in the pharmacy workforce reporting the highest levels. Just under half the respondents reported dissatisfaction with their work-life balances. CONCLUSIONS Workplace stress is high, particularly among younger members of the workforce. Professional pharmacy associations, schools of pharmacy at Australian universities and AHPRA have been alerted to this issue. The survey should be repeated reasonably soon to determine if any of the key characteristics have changed, particularly if interventions are made to reduce the occurrence of workplace-related stress. © 2020 Royal Pharmaceutical Society.Oblique scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (oSLO) is a novel imaging modality to provide volumetric retinal imaging without depth sectioning over a large field of view (FOV). It has been successfully demonstrated in vivo in rodent eyes for volumetric fluorescein angiography (vFA). However, engineering oSLO for human retinal imaging is challenging because of the low numerical aperture (NA) of human ocular optics. To overcome this challenge, we implement optical designs to (a) increase the angle of the intermediate image under Scheimpflug condition, and (b) expand the magnification in the depth dimension with cylindrical lens to enable sufficient sampling density. In addition, we adopt a scanning-and-descaning strategy, resulting in a compact oSLO system. We experimentally show that the current setup can achieve a FOV of ~3 × 6 × 0.8 mm3 , and the transverse and axial resolutions of 7 and 41 μm, respectively. This feasibility study serves an important step for future in vivo human retinal imaging. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.OBJECTIVE To explore caregiver perspectives of their children’s journey through the specialist paediatric service, the Aboriginal Ambulatory Care Coordination Program (AACC), and non-AACC services at the Perth Children’s Hospital. METHODS Eighteen semi-structured interviews with families of Aboriginal children were completed. Indigenous research methodology and a phenomenological approach guided data collection and analysis. RESULTS Four key themes were identified from interviews hospital admissions, discharge and follow-up outpatient appointments; communication; financial burden; and cultural issues. Our findings suggest Aboriginal children and their caregivers using the AACC program had more positive and culturally secure experiences than those using non-AACC services. However, barriers relating to health providers’ understanding of Aboriginal cultural issues and lived experience were commonly discussed, regardless of which service families received. CONCLUSIONS Australian Aboriginal children have an increased use of tertiary hospital care compared to non-Indigenous children.