Among bidi smokers, the diseased site had significantly higher levels of IL-8 than the healthy site. Non-smoker subjects with chronic periodontitis especially diseased sites contained significantly higher amounts of IL-1β and IL-8 than smokers and controls. The PI scores were highest among bidi smokers with reduced BOP and GI scores.

Bidi smoking influenced the cytokine profile among periodontitis patients exhibiting decreased levels of IL-1β and IL-8.

Bidi smoking influenced the cytokine profile among periodontitis patients exhibiting decreased levels of IL-1β and IL-8.

A cross-sectional study was conducted among intensive care unit (ICU) nurses in private hospitals in India to identify knowledge and practice of ICU nurses in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).

Knowledge of 135 nurses working in ICU was tested using a questionnaire consisting of 18 questions. Fourteen forms were excluded from the statistical analysis due to incomplete data entry by the participants. The data of 121 filled questionnaires were analyzed. The information letters, consent forms, and questionnaires were handed to ICU nurses by Research assistant. Data were coded and entered into SPSS version for descriptive and inferential statistics.

A majority of the participants perceived oral care as a necessity in all critically ill patients. Nurses were generally aware of the most likely mechanism of acquiring pneumonia. The type and frequency of oral care varied widely. Many of them stated that they had adequate supplies to provide oral care. Although a majority of nurses had someof the treatment provided.

Although Streptococcus mutans has been implicated as the major etiologic agent in the development of dental caries, however, this organism has not been found to be present in all children with caries. Thus it remains to be elucidated whether a single or specific consortium of bacteria is responsible for the caries process. The aim of this study is to evaluate the oral microflora of Indian children suffering from dental caries and to compare the same in children with no caries.

The study was carried out on 67 out-patient 2-14 years old children who reported to the department of Paediatric Dentistry. Dental plaque samples from superficial and deep carious lesions and caries free surfaces in caries active children (n = 35) were collected using a sterile excavator in storage vials and subjected to various conventional and molecular microbial techniques. Caries free children (n = 32), who did not have any carious lesion served as controls. The data obtained was subjected to Pearson’s Chi Square/Fischer’s Exacth a diverse microbial flora without detectable S mutans. Main organisms associated with dental caries in this population are Gram-positive cocci and bacilli mainly the non-mutans Streptococcus and Lactobacilli. I-BET151 Frequent consumption of sugar containing food promotes the presence and growth of cariogenic organisms.

To evaluate the impact of implants number and attachments type on the peri-implant stresses and retention of maxillary palateless implant-supported overdenture.

Four edentulous maxillary educational acrylic resin models were used. According to the implants number and type of attachment used, four groups were compared Group I, 2-locator attachments in the canine area; Group II, 2- OT equator attachments in the canine area; Group III, 4-locator attachments in the canine, second premolar area and Group IV, 4-OT equator attachments in the canine, second premolar area. Implants retained palateless overdenture was constructed on each model. Four self-protected linear strain gauges were cemented on each implant. A digital loading device was used to apply compressive loads to measure the resulting peri-implant stresses. Forcemeter and Universal testing machines were used to test the retention of palateless overdenture.

A significant difference between the same implant number and distribution with different attawo or four implants considering their superior retentive properties, is advantageous when compared to OT equator attachments.

The aim of this study was to find a correlation between the permanent maxillary canine eruption and the cervical vertebral maturation index (CVMI).

145 subjects (73 male and 72 female) in the age of 7-14 years were examined radiographically with lateral cephalographs and orthopantomographs. The CVM patterns were evaluated on the lateral cephalograph using the classification of Hassel and Farman. The stage of the permanent maxillary canine eruption has been investigated on the orthopantomographs depending on its vertical height in relation to the adjacent incisor. Descriptive statistics were obtained for both CVMI stages and canine eruption grading. Spearman rank correlation test was used to determine the correlation between both methods. The minimum level of significance was considered less than 0.05 (P < 0.05).

Results showed a strong correlation between CVMI and the grading of the maxillary canine eruption in both female and male and the (r) value estimated was 0.862 and 0.758, respectively. Over 90% of deceleration stage of CVMI in both genders show canine eruption (pubertal growth spurt) about 91.66% for female and 95.65% for male and a small percentage of delay eruption 8.33% and 4.35% in female and male gender, respectively, with a predilection to the female gender.

A significant correlation between the permanent maxillary canine eruption stages and skeletal maturity was found. The eruption of maxillary canine occurs before the end of pubertal growth. Any delay in the eruption of maxillary canine after the deceleration stage of CVMI, suggesting a chance of impaction.

A significant correlation between the permanent maxillary canine eruption stages and skeletal maturity was found. The eruption of maxillary canine occurs before the end of pubertal growth. Any delay in the eruption of maxillary canine after the deceleration stage of CVMI, suggesting a chance of impaction.

To find out the primary stability in maxillofacial implant with two different thread designs.

Two group of implants were selected for the study – Group I maxillofacial implant with V-shape thread, and Group II implant with buttress thread. The drills for placing the implant were made indigenously. Goat skull was selected for placing the implant. Group I, II implant was placed in the goat skull at five different sites to find the primary stability. The primary stability was measured using Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA) device. The transducer was screwed to the implant and made to vibrate by magnetic pulse. The vibration was recorded as Implant Stability Quotient (ISQ).

The ISQ values of Group I range from 32-46 and Group II range from 57-67. The results were subjected to statistical test and found to be significant at 95% level.

The ISQ values for the buttress (Group II) is more than (Group I) which is observed in this study. Hence this study supports the buttress thread as the favourable thread pattern for the craniofacial implant.