There are well-known correlations between high and moderate doses (>0.5 Gy) of ionizing radiation exposure and circulatory system damage, also between radiation and posterior subcapsular cataract. At lower dose correlations with circulatory disease are emerging in the Japanese atomic bomb survivors and in some occupationally exposed groups, and are still to some extent controversial. Heterogeneity in excess relative risks per unit dose in epidemiological studies at low (<0.1 Gy) and at low-moderate (>0.1 Gy, <0.5 Gy) doses may result from confounding and other types of bias, and effect modification by established risk factors. There is also accumulating evidence of excess cataract risks at lower dose and low dose rate in various cohorts. Other ocular endpoints, specifically glaucoma and macular degeneration have been little studied. In this paper, we review recent epidemiological findings, and also discuss some of the underlying radiobiology of these conditions. We briefly review some other typedetriment following low-moderate dose (∼0.1-0.2 Gy) radiation exposure

or in early childhood.

5 Gy, and so has the characteristics of a tissue reaction. There is some evidence of neurological detriment following low-moderate dose (∼0.1-0.2 Gy) radiation exposure in utero or in early childhood.Pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.), one of the most widely planted fruit trees in the world, is infected by pear ring rot disease, which is triggered by Botryosphaeria dothidea (B. Apoptosis modulator dothidea) fungus. Previous research has shown that exogenous calcium enhanced pear resistance to B. dothidea. To explore the molecular mechanism of calcium in pear pathogen resistance, we searched the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between calcium and H2O treatment with B. dothidea inoculation in pear by using RNA-seq data. On the basis of the standard of a proportion of calcium/H2O fold change > 2, and the false discovery rate (FDR) less then 0.05, 2812 and 572 genes with significant differential expression were identified between the H2O and calcium treatments under B. dothidea inoculation at 2 days post inoculation (dpi) (D2) and 8 dpi (D8), respectively, indicating that significantly more genes in D2 responded to calcium treatment. Results of the gene annotation showed that DEGs were focused on plant-pathogen interactions, hormone signal transduction and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in D2. Moreover, transient silencing of PbrCML30 (Pear CalModulin-Like proteins 30), which had significantly higher expression in response to calcium than H2O treatments, conferred compromised resistance to B. dothidea. Exogenous calcium treatment slightly alleviated the symptoms of TRV2-PbrCML30 leaves compared with TRV2 leaves under inoculation, supporting its key role in pear resistance to B. dothidea. Overall, the information obtained in this study provides a possible mechanism of calcium in regulating pear resistance to B. dothidea.Logistic regression models were developed from five years (2014-2018) of disease severity and weather data in an attempt to predict brown rust of sugarcane at the Everglades Research and Education Center (EREC) in Belle Glade, Florida. Disease severity (percentage area of the top visible dewlap leaf covered by rust) was visually assessed in the field every two weeks for two varieties susceptible to brown rust. Two hundred fifty variables were derived from weather data for 10 to 40-day periods before each brown rust assessment day. A subset of these variables were then evaluated as potential predictors of severity of brown rust based on their individual correlation and/or their biological meaningfulness. Analyses of correlation and stepwise logistic regression allowed us to identify afternoon humid thermal ratio (AHTR), temperature-based duration variables, and their interaction terms as the most significant variables associated with brown rust epidemics of sugarcane in Florida. The nine best predictive models were identified based on model accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and estimates of the prediction error. The prediction accuracy of these models ranged from 73-85%. Single variable model BR2 (based on AHTR) classified 89% of the epidemic and 81% of the non-epidemic status of the disease. Greater than 83% of the epidemics and 81% of the non-epidemic status of sugarcane brown rust was correctly classified using multiple variable models. These models can potentially be used as components of a rust disease warning system to assist in the management of brown rust epidemics of sugarcane in south Florida.Triticum pathotype (MoT) of Magnaporthe oryzae (syn. Pyricularia oryzae) causes wheat blast, which has recently spread to Asia. To assess the potential risk of wheat blast in rice-wheat growing regions, we investigated the pathogenicity of 14 isolates of P. oryzae on 32 wheat cultivars, among which MoO isolates were completely avirulent on the wheat cultivars at 22℃, but caused various infection degrees at 25℃. These reactions at 25℃ were isolate- and cultivar- dependent like race-cultivar specificity which was also recognized at the heading stage and caused typical blast symptoms on spikes. Microscopic analyses indicated that a compatible MoO isolates produced appressoria and infection hyphae on wheat as on rice. By comparing transcriptomes in wheat-MoO interactions, a bulk of pathogen-related genes was up-/down- regulated in compatible and incompatible patterns, but that changes of gene transcription were more significant in compatible pattern. These results indicate that the temperature could influence the infection ratio of wheat with MoO, and some MoO strains could be potential pathogens that increase the risk for the outbreak of wheat blast in wheat-rice growing regions with global warming. In addition, certain wheat cultivars exhibited resistance and are assumed to carry promoting resistant genes to the MoO strains.Aim To explore the perspectives of patients and laymen with regard to the development, use and storage of cerebral organoids, in order to contribute to the ethical debate about this technology. Materials & methods In depth semi-structured interviews with 28 patients and laymen were conducted. A qualitative thematic analysis was undertaken using a constant comparative method. Results Three interrelated themes emerged from the empirical material moral value; willingness to donate; and elements of good governance. Conclusion Patients and laymen are most concerned about cerebral organoids potentially developing consciousness and potential misuse. They support the use of cerebral organoids under the conditions that donors are adequately informed and that there will be good governance. Perspectives of patients and laymen are helpful to enable responsible development and use of cerebral organoids in practice.