This allowed differentiating families whose members had similar high scores than those with similar low scores both patients (t = - 4.82, p = 0.0005) and relatives (t = - 5.04, p  less then  0.0001) of the two groups differed in their AW scores. AW dimension showed familial aggregation, suggesting its putative role as a familial vulnerability marker for EOBD. The IRS estimation allowed the identification of families with homogeneous scores for this dimension. This represents a first step towards the investigation of the underlying mechanisms of AW dimension and the identification of etiological subgroups.Antipsychotics are often prescribed to children and adolescents, mostly off-label. L-Epicatechin We aimed to assess adherence to recommendations of guidelines for antipsychotic prescription. We reviewed 436 medical records from 155 clinicians from 26 clinics within three Dutch child and adolescent psychiatry organizations (n = 398 outpatient, n = 38 inpatient care). We assessed target symptoms, diagnostic process, prior and concomitant treatment, and consideration of contra-indications. Multiple logistic regression assessed the role of age, sex, and psychiatric diagnosis on adherence to three main recommendations to (1) prescribe antipsychotics only after other treatments proved insufficient, (2) always combine antipsychotics with psychosocial interventions, and (3) not prescribe multiple antipsychotics simultaneously. Most patients received off-label antipsychotics. Main target symptoms were inattention/hyperactivity (25%), aggression (24%), and other disruptive behaviors (41%). Most patients underwent diagnostic evaluation before the first prescription; however, screening of contra-indications was low (0.2-19%). About 84% had previously received psychosocial treatment and 48% other psychoactive medication, but 9% had not received any treatment. Notably, only 37% continuously received concomitant psychosocial treatment. Simultaneous use of multiple antipsychotics occurred in 3.2%. Younger children were at higher risk of non-adherence to guideline recommendations regarding prior and concomitant treatment, children with autism spectrum disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder more likely not to receive concomitant psychosocial treatment. Sex did not significantly affect adherence. Our findings implicate insufficient adherence to important recommendations regarding antipsychotic use in children and adolescents. Especially younger children are at higher risk of receiving suboptimal care. There is an urgency to consistently offer psychosocial interventions during antipsychotic treatment.OBJECTIVES Assess carotid artery strain and motion in people living with HIV as markers of premature aging using ultrasound noninvasive vascular elastography (NIVE). METHODS Seventy-four HIV-infected and 75 age-matched control subjects were recruited from a prospective, controlled cohort study from October 2015 to October 2017 (mean age 56 years ± 8 years; 128 men). NIVE applied to longitudinal ultrasound images of common and internal carotid arteries quantified the cumulated axial strain, cumulated shear strain, cumulated axial translation, and cumulated lateral translations. The presence of plaque was also assessed. An association between elastography biomarkers and HIV status was evaluated with Mann-Whitney tests and multivariable linear regression models. RESULTS A higher occurrence of carotid artery plaques was found in HIV-infected individuals (p = 0.011). Lower cumulated lateral translations were found in HIV-infected subjects on both common and internal carotid arteries (p = 0.037 and p = 0.026, respectively). These observations remained significant when considering multivariable models including common cardiovascular risk factors and clinical characteristics (p  less then  0.05). Lower cumulated axial strains were also observed in internal carotid arteries when considering both multivariable models (p  less then  0.05). CONCLUSION Lower translation and strain of the carotid artery wall in HIV-infected individuals indicates increased vessel wall stiffness. These new imaging biomarkers could be used to characterize premature atherosclerosis development. KEY POINTS • Noninvasive vascular elastography (NIVE) based on ultrasound imaging quantifies translations and strains of carotid arteries. • Lower translation and strain of the carotid artery wall found in HIV-infected individuals indicate premature arterial stiffening, compared with age-matched controls. • Carotid artery plaques were more prevalent in HIV-infected individuals than in control subjects.OBJECTIVES To evaluate the agreement among readers with different expertise in detecting suspicious lesions at prostate multiparametric MRI using Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) version 2.1. METHODS We evaluated 200 consecutive biopsy-naïve or previously negative biopsy men who underwent MRI for clinically suspected prostate cancer (PCa) between May and September 2017. Of them, 132 patients underwent prostate biopsy. Seven radiologists (four dedicated uro-radiologists and three non-dedicated abdominal radiologists) reviewed and scored all MRI examinations according to PI-RADS v2.1. Agreement on index lesion detection was evaluated with Conger’s k coefficient, agreement coefficient 1 (AC1), percentage of agreement (PA), and indexes of specific positive and negative agreement. Clinical and radiological features that may influence variability were evaluated. RESULTS Agreement in index lesion detection among all readers was substantial (AC1 0.738; 95% CI 0.695-0.782); dedicated radiologists saders is higher than between less-experienced readers. • Concordance on absence of lesions is excellent across readers’ experience.In Europe, lung cancer ranks third among the most common cancers, remaining the biggest killer. Since the publication of the first European Society of Radiology and European Respiratory Society joint white paper on lung cancer screening (LCS) in 2015, many new findings have been published and discussions have increased considerably. Thus, this updated expert opinion represents a narrative, non-systematic review of the evidence from LCS trials and description of the current practice of LCS as well as aspects that have not received adequate attention until now. Reaching out to the potential participants (persons at high risk), optimal communication and shared decision-making will be key starting points. Furthermore, standards for infrastructure, pathways and quality assurance are pivotal, including promoting tobacco cessation, benefits and harms, overdiagnosis, quality, minimum radiation exposure, definition of management of positive screen results and incidental findings linked to respective actions as well as cost-effectiveness.