ar vesicles secreted from AD patient derived neurons contain a relatively low amount of Aβ but have an increased Aβ42/ Aβ40 ratio; the majority of Aβ is located on the surface of the EVs. The results of our research can contribute substantially to the successful translation of stem cell biology into clinical therapy by improving our understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.Neurodegenerative diseases lead to the death of nerve cells in the brain or the spinal cord. A wide range of diseases are included within the group of neurodegenerative disorders, with the most common ones being dementia, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s diseases. Millions of older people are suffering from such pathologies. The global increase of life expectancy unavoidably leads to a consequent increase in the number of people who will be at some degree affected by neurodegenerative-related diseases. At this moment, there is no effective therapy or treatment that can reverse the loss of neurons. A growing number of studies highlight the value of the consumption of medical foods, and in particular olive oil, as one of the most important components of the Mediterranean diet. A diet based on extra virgin olive oil seems to contribute toward the lowering of risk of age-related pathologies due to high phenol concentration. The link of a polyphenol found in extra virgin olive oil, namely, tyrosol, with the protein tyrosinase, associated to Parkinson’s disease is underlined as a paradigm of affiliation between polyphenols and neurodegenerative disorders.Quantum entanglement has recently been demonstrated in macroscopic structures at the scale of microns. The densely packed chromatin that efficiently stores DNA strands may allow for gene expression through epigenetic modifiers within the close proximity of nearby strands and may also experience gene expression through quantum entanglement of epigenetic modifiers. Such an approach may have an evolutionary advantage in the densely packed realm of chromatin.Herein, we deploy an in silico pipeline of structural bioinformatics, thermodynamics, and molecular dynamics to investigate the role of cortisol in circadian rhythms, biorhythms, stress response, and even sleep disorders. Our study shows that high concentrations of cortisol intercalate in the minor groove of DNA. This phenomenon widens the adjacent major grooves and provides the Clock/Bmal1 complex with more space to dock and interact with DNA. Then, the strong charges of cortisol pull the alpha helices of the Clock/Bmal1 complex and bend it inward, thus establishing stronger interactions and prolonged signaling. Our results indicate that elevated cortisol levels play an important role in stress, inflammation, and sleep disorders as a result of prolonged and stronger dsDNA – Clock/Bmal1 interactions.Novel multimodal sensing study that has been installed and tested in a geriatric psychiatry inpatient unit is reviewed. Perspectives and experiences of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia are also examined. Further, the Spare a Thought for Dementia Through the Your Story My Story campaign, a project that seeks to amplify empowering stories from persons living with dementia and their friends and family carers in order to combat stigma and show carers that they are not alone in their journeys, is also discussed.Alzheimer’s disease (AD) precipitation in the elderly population increases the need for sensitive biomarkers that can be applied to large population screening. Buccal cells can be obtained easily, noninvasively, and contain many proteins related to cerebral processes. Hence, they offer an ideal candidate for AD biomarker discovery. Nobiletin concentration The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the current research landscape covering both clinical and methodological issues. A brief summary is given on related laboratory techniques to ascertain protein concentration changes due to AD. At the end, we describe a protocol designed in our laboratory for disease early diagnosis.The purpose of this paper is to present a brief on the evaluation of factors which contribute to cognitive ability enhancement under the spectrum of neuroscience, through the bibliographical research of scientific literature. The human brain has many possibilities, but it remains a largely uncharted area, which we just begin to understand in detail. One of its potentials, as concluded by the research, is its ability to adapt and improve its functioning by itself. Based on this physiological function, we can improve our ability to learn and remember, but we currently have limited resources to do so. After studying and evaluating relevant studies, it seems that the combination of physical exercise and nutrition has a more positive effect on molecular systems associated with synaptic plasticity, than more sophisticated methods, such as pharmaceutical drugs. Brain training using computer applications is also an area under heavy research but with mixed results at the moment. While brain training with scientific techniques can improve performance in specific areas, appropriate physical exercises, as well as proper nutrition, have additional benefits for the body. Supplementary studies will be useful in order to further specify the benefits and the ways of using both exercise and nutrition to design therapeutic interventions.Human brain possesses a unique anatomy and physiology. For centuries, methodological barriers and ethical challenges in accessing human brain tissues have restricted researchers into using 2-D cell culture systems and model organisms as a tool for investigating the mechanisms underlying neurological disorders in humans. However, our understanding regarding the human brain development and diseases has been recently extended due to the generation of 3D brain organoids, grown from human stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This system evolved into an attractive model of brain diseases as it recapitulates to a great extend the cellular organization and the microenvironment of a human brain. This chapter focuses on the application of brain organoids in modelling several neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases.