With the discovery of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs), there has been considerable interest in understanding their mechanical behavior. In spite of these previous observations on the relation between plastic deformation of metallic glasses and their diffusion behavior, a detailed understanding on the diffusion of BMGs is still unexplored. We evaluated the contribution of deformation-induced structural transformations (elastic, anelastic, viscoplastic or viscoelastic responsive and plastic strain) on the diffusion of Zr-based bulk metallic glasses in as-cast, elastostatically stressed and plastically deformed states. Experimental investigations of the diffusion process and the elemental distributions in the glassy alloy were performed following plastic deformation by multiple cold rolling and elastostatic cyclic compression, respectively. We compared the vacancy model and the transition state model to verify the diffusion mechanism in the deformed bulk metallic glass. The diffusion of tracer atoms, i.e., Fe, in the bulk metallic glass is affected by viscoelastic responsive strain governing the transition-state model. In contrast, the diffusion of constituent atoms, i.e., Ti, Zr, in the bulk metallic glass is dominantly affected by plastic strain governing the vacancy model. The results reveal that the diffusion behavior of bulk glassy alloys can be changed by variation of the constituent elements and applying different strain modes upon deformation.In this works, a simple, efficient and repeatable protocol was developed for in vitro regeneration via callus-mediated organogenesis of Neolamarkia Cadamba using cotyledonary petioles and hypocotyls. Effects of basal medium, plant growth regulators, the types and age of explant on the formation of adventitious buds/shoots were studied. Meanwhile, histological analysis for early ontogenic stages and genetic stability assessment by flow cytometry were investigated. Our investigation demonstrated that, compared with 6-benzyladenine (BA), N6-(2-isopentenyl) adenine (2-ip), Thidiazuron (TDZ) was the optimal cytokinin for buds/shoots induction on cotyledon and hypocotyl explants. Douglas-fir and sugar pine medium (DCR) supplemented with 22.7 μM TDZ and 0.27 μM α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) was most effective on bud induction, with the highest bud-induction rate and numbers of buds on cotyledon and hypocotyl explants. The available shoot per explant hit 35.2 when the induced callus sub-cultured to a medium withouted for mass production, germplasm exchange and transgenic studies to improve the resistance of the species via Agrobacterium-mediated.Strain relaxation processes in InAs heteroepitaxy have been studied. While InAs grows in a layer-by-layer mode on lattice-mismatched substrates of GaAs(111)A, Si(111), and GaSb(111)A, the strain relaxation process strongly depends on the lattice mismatch. click here The density of threading defects in the InAs film increases with lattice mismatch. We found that the peak width in x-ray diffraction is insensitive to the defect density, but critically depends on the residual lattice strain in InAs films.Protein aggregation into amyloid fibrils is linked to multiple neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s or Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. A better understanding of the way these aggregates form is vital for the development of drugs. A large detriment to amyloid research is the ability of amyloidogenic proteins to spontaneously aggregate into multiple structurally distinct fibrils (strains) with different stability and seeding properties. In this work we show that prion proteins are capable of forming more than one type of fibril under the exact same conditions by assessing their Thioflavin T (ThT) binding ability, morphology, secondary structure, stability and seeding potential.Epidemiologic observations suggest that exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes, a causal driver of CKD. We evaluated whether diabetes mediates the association between PM2.5 and CKD. A cohort of 2,444,157 United States veterans were followed over a median 8.5 years. Environmental Protection Agency data provided PM2.5 exposure levels. Regression models assessed associations and their proportion mediated. A 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with increased odds of having a diabetes diagnosis (odds ratio 1.18, 95% CI 1.06-1.32), use of diabetes medication (1.22, 1.07-1.39), and increased risk of incident eGFR less then 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (hazard ratio1.20, 95% CI 1.13-1.29), incident CKD (1.28, 1.18-1.39), ≥30% decline in eGFR (1.23, 1.15-1.33), and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or ≥50% decline in eGFR (1.17, 1.05-1.30). Diabetes mediated 4.7% (4.3-5.7%) of the association of PM2.5 with incident eGFR less then 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, 4.8% (4.2-5.8%) with incident CKD, 5.8% (5.0-7.0%) with ≥30% decline in eGFR, and 17.0% (13.1-20.4%) with ESRD or ≥50% decline in eGFR. Diabetes minimally mediated the association between PM2.5 and kidney outcomes. The findings will help inform more accurate estimates of the burden of diabetes and burden of kidney disease attributable to PM2.5 pollution.Adaptation to systematic visual distortions is well-documented but there is little evidence of similar adaptation to radical changes in audition. We use a pseudophone to transpose the sound streams arriving at the left and right ears, evaluating the perceptual effects it provokes and the possibility of learning to locate sounds in the reversed condition. Blindfolded participants remain seated at the center of a semicircular arrangement of 7 speakers and are asked to orient their head towards a sound source. We postulate that a key factor underlying adaptation is the self-generated activity that allows participants to learn new sensorimotor schemes. We investigate passive listening conditions (very short duration stimulus not permitting active exploration) and dynamic conditions (continuous stimulus allowing participants time to freely move their heads or remain still). We analyze head movement kinematics, localization errors, and qualitative reports. Results show movement-induced perceptual disruptions in the dynamic condition with static sound sources displaying apparent movement.