The binary nanomaterials and graphitic carbon based hybrid has been developed as an important porous nanomaterial for fabricating electrode with applications in non-enzymatic (bio) sensors. We report a fast synthesis of bimetal oxide particles of nano-sized manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) decorated on graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) via a high-intensity ultrasonic irradiation method for C (30 kHz and 70 W/cm2). The nanocomposites were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction, XPS, EDS, TEM to ascertain the effects of synthesis parameters on structure, and morphology. The MnFe2O4/GCN modified electrode demonstrated superior electrocatalytic activity toward the neurotransmitter (5-hydroxytryptamine) detection with a high peak intensity at +0.21 V. The appealing application of the MnFe2O4/GCN/GCE as neurotransmitter sensors is presented and a possible sensing mechanism is analyzed. The constructed electrochemical sensor for the detection of 5-hydroxytryptamine (STN) showed a wide working range (0.1-522.6 μM), high sensitivity (19.377 μA μM-1 cm-2), and nano-molar detection limit (3.1 nM). Moreover, it is worth noting that the MnFe2O4/GCN not only enhanced activity and also promoted the electron transfer rate towards STN detection. The proposed sensor was analyzed for its real-time applications to the detection of STN in rat brain serum, and human blood serum in good satisfactory results was obtained. The results showed promising reproducibility, repeatability, and high stability for neurotransmitter detection in biological samples.RNA binding ability and cellular distribution are important for nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza A virus to act as a viral regulatory factor to control virus life cycle. In this study, we identified that the N-terminal residues 19-21 of NS1 are a highly conserved motif depending on all the available NS1 full length sequence of H5N1 influenza A virus from NCBI database. Site-directed mutation analysis demonstrated that the R19 residue of NS1 is critical for its RNA binding and nuclear localization. Furthermore, the residue R19 of NS1 was identified to be critical for regulating M1 mRNA splicing and NS1 nuclear export. Biological analysis of the rescued viruses indicated that the R19A mutation of NS1 did not interfere the replication of H5N1 virus during infection and attenuated the virulence of H5N1 virus in mice.Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to a porcine entero-pathogenic alphacoronavirus, causing lethal watery diarrhea in piglets. Despite existing study reports the sole accessory protein ORF3 identified as NF-κB antagonist, the contribution of PEDV ORF3 to production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines mediated by NF-κB signaling remains largely unknown. Thus in this present study, we showed that PEDV ORF3 protein significantly inhibited the productions of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8. The phosphorylation of IκBα was inhibited by ORF3 protein, but no degradation of IκBα was induced in ORF3-expressing cells. Furthermore, PEDV ORF3 inhibited NF-κB activation through preventing nuclear factor p65 phosphorylation and down-regulating p65 expression level, as well as interfering nuclear translocation of p65, eventually resulting into the inhibition of IL-6 and IL-8 production. Our study definitely links PEDV ORF3 to inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines production, which will provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms of NF-κB activity inhibited by PEDV proteins to facilitate virus evasion of host innate immune.The present study evaluated the major proteome of ram seminal plasma and the main secretions that contribute to its formation, such as the cauda epididymal and accessory sex gland fluids. The study also investigated sperm membrane protein profiles before and after ejaculation. First, semen was collected from six rams (using artificial vagina) to obtain seminal plasma and ejaculated sperm. Then, rams were vasectomized for collection of accessory sex gland fluid (using artificial vagina). Next, rams were slaughtered and cauda epididymal fluid (CEF), seminal vesicle fluid, bulbourethral gland fluid and cauda epididymal sperm were properly collected. Proteins from reproductive fluids and sperm membranes were analyzed by 2-D SDS-PAGE, tandem mass spectrometry and bioinformatics. There we 386 proteins and 256 isoforms identified in all samples. The most abundant seminal plasma proteins were BSP1, BSP5 and spermadhesins (bodhesin-2 and spermadhesin Z13-like). These proteins were present in similar patterns in maps oinase domain-containing protein 32, carboxypeptidase Q and cytosol aminopeptidase). In conclusion, there is a well-orchestrated sequence of events to form the major seminal plasma proteome, with specific contributions from cauda epididymis, seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands. The present data contribute to a better understanding of male reproductive biology and how sperm functions are affected by the noncellularmicro environment of semen.Combined toxicity is a critical issue in risk assessment of contaminants. However, very little is known about the joint effects of graphene oxide (GO, a crucial 2-dimensional carbon material) and hexavalent chromium (Cr6+, a widespread heavy metal), particularly with respect to the critical period of embryogenesis. In this study, the combined toxicity of GO and Cr6+ was evaluated through embryo-larval toxicity test in Danio rerio (zebrafish). Results indicated that the co-exposure of Cr6+ (1 mg/L) and GO (0.01 mg/L) inhibited hatching and spontaneous movement of embryos, but no significant changes were found in the single Cr6+ or GO group. Compared with the single GO or Cr6+ exposure, their co-exposure (GO+Cr6+) significantly enhanced the teratogenicity in a concentration-dependent pattern, and the spinal curvature was observed as the main deformity. GO+Cr6+ changed the protein secondary structures of embryos result of the generation of ROS and oxidative stress. The degradations of vertical myosepta and cartilages were observed in co-exposure group, suggesting that GO+Cr6+ disrupted the development of musculoskeletal system. The genes col11a1a, col2a1a and postnb were down-regulated but the genes acta1b and mmp9 were up-regulated by GO+Cr6+. Sirtinol order The interactions between Cr6+ and GO demonstrated that the morphology, structure, and surface properties of GO were modified by Cr6+. The enhanced defects and O-containing groups of GO could trap more β-sheets, induced oxidative stress, disturbed the development of skeletal muscles and cartilages in zebrafish. These data suggested that GO+Cr6+ enhanced their joint toxicity due to the variation of nanoparticle properties. This finding is important for assessing the ecological risk of graphene family nanomaterials in the natural environment.